Our body's relationship with bacteria is complex. While infectious bacteria can cause illness, our gut is also teaming with "good" bacteria that aids nutrition and helps keep us healthy. But even the "good" can have bad effects if these bacteria end up in tissues and organs where they're not supposed to be.
现在，研究发表在 自然 reveals insights into how the body maintains this balance. Investigations with mice demonstrate that early life is a critical time when the immune system learns to recognize gut bacteria and sets up surveillance that keeps them in check. Defects in these mechanisms could help explain why the immune system sometimes attacks good bacteria in the wrong place, causing the chronic inflammation that's responsible for inflammatory bowel disease, 该研究的作者说.
“从大发娱乐出生的那一刻起, our immune system is set up so that it can learn as much as it can to distinguish the good from the bad,” 马修·贝蒂尼博士.D., associate professor of pathology at U of U Health and co-corresponding author with Sloan Kettering Institute immunologist Gretchen 迪赫, Ph.D. "Our studies make clear that there is a window in which gut microbiota have access to the immune education process. This opens up possibilities for designing therapeutics that can influence the trajectory of the immune system during this early time point."
设置边界
In seeking to understand how the body maintains a healthy relationship with bacteria, 贝蒂尼, 迪赫, and colleagues discovered ways in which the resident gut microbiota shape the developing immune system. They found that specialized immune cells capture pieces of bacteria and carry them over long distances, 从肠道到胸腺. 位于胸部, 在心脏之上, the thymus is a gland responsible for "educating" immune T cells. Delivery of the cargo prompts the thymus to produce T cells that are targeted to the microbiota. 然后, the T cells exit the thymus to surveil 淋巴结, 肠道, and other sites in order to keep the bacteria under control.
马修·贝蒂尼博士.D.
The scientists identified these steps by seeding the intestines of mice with a certain type of bacteria. In response, the thymus produced T cells that specifically recognized those bacteria. However, the scientist didn't know how this occurred.
Finding DNA from the bacteria in the thymus and 淋巴结 was the first clue that microbiota migrated to those sites. 追寻他们的旅程, the researchers used specially engineered mice whose cells fluoresced red after being exposed to a laser. In the two days following photoactivation, red gut cells eventually made their way to the thymus, 淋巴结, 和脾脏.
These processes were robust within the first weeks of life but waned significantly by the time the mice reached adulthood.
"Our study challenges previous assumptions that potential pathogens have no influence on immune cells that are developing in the thymus,贝蒂尼解释道. "Instead, we see that there is a window of opportunity for the thymus to learn from these bacteria. Even though these events that shape which T cells are present happen early in life, they can have a greater impact 后来的生活."
糟糕的教育
This notion was made apparent by the finding that T cells programmed to target beneficial bacteria could double as defense against closely related "bad" bacteria. 老鼠体内有 E.杆菌 at a young age were more than six times as likely to survive a lethal dose of 沙门氏菌 后来的生活. The results suggest that building immunity to microbiota also builds protection against harmful bacteria the body has yet to encounter.
“从大发娱乐出生的那一刻起, our immune system is set up so that it can learn as much as it can to distinguish the good from the bad."
Delving into these early communications between the body and microbiota demonstrates just how important it is to prime the immune system right from the start, 贝蒂尼说. "This early education of immune T cells is absolutely necessary to quickly develop a broad repertoire of cells to protect us."
"We believe that our findings may be extended to areas of research where certain bacteria have been found to be either protective or pathogenic for other conditions, such as Type 1 and Type 2 糖尿病,贝蒂尼说. “现在大发娱乐想知道, will this window of bacterial exposure and T cell development also be important in initiating these diseases?"
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In addition to U of U Health and Sloan Kettering Institute, co-authors of the study were affiliated with the Baylor College of Medicine and Washington University School of Medicine.
这项研究发表在“Thymic development of gut-microbiota specific T-cells" in 自然 was supported by the National Institutes of Health, 克莱伯格基金会, 肯尼斯·雷宁基金会, and a Leukemia and Lymphoma Society Scholar Award.